7/21/2023 0 Comments Bookends birds![]() ![]() I think the birds look especially cute perched on the branches! Definitely more interesting than the previous plain wood bookends. Repeat by adding images to the sides of the bookends. Then using a foam brush apply a thin coat of Mod Podge to the back of a bird images and smooth onto the bookend.Īdd an even coat of Mod Podge to cover the bird image and the entire front of the bookends for a consistent finish. But any bird photos or drawings would work! I cut the images as close to the birds as possible to make them look realistic.ĭecide the placement of your birds on the bookends. ![]() Now for the fun part! Pick your favorite bird images to decorate your bookends. I choose white paint for my bookends so that the birds would really pop! If you want to change the color of your bookends before adding the bird pictures, you can paint them with acrylic craft paint. How to Make Bird Bookends Step 1: Paint bookends with craft paint
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![]() ![]() Most bacteria are classified into one of the following four categories. Flourishing microbial populations increase soil productivity and crop yields over time. Bacteria population may easily double in 15-30 minutes. Since bacteria live under starvation conditions or soil water stress, they reproduce quickly when optimal water, food, and environmental conditions occur. Bacteria are so simple in structure that they have often been called a bag of enzymes and/or soluble bags of fertilizer (Dick, R., 2009). Most soils are simply a graveyard for dead bacteria cells. Bacteria’s small size enables them to grow and adapt more rapidly to changing environmental conditions than larger, more complex microorganisms like fungi. They grow and live in thin water films around soil particles and near roots in an area called the rhizosphere. ![]() Figure 1 shows ciliate protozoa consuming bacteria.īacteria are similar in size to clay soil particles (<.2 µm) and silt soil particles (2-50 µm). A ton of microscopic bacteria may be active in each acre.” While bacteria may be small, they make up both the largest number and biomass (weight) of any soil microorganism. That is as much mass as two cows per acre. A teaspoon of productive soil generally contains between 100 million and 1 billion bacteria. 18) states that “Bacteria are tiny one-celled organisms generally 4/100,000 of an inch wide (1 µm). Used with permission and all rights reserved. Bacteria Characteristicsįigure 1: Close up view of a ciliate (protozoa) with various bacteria in the background. Bacteria are a major class of microorganisms that keep soils healthy and productive. DiplococciĮxamples: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, etc.Microbes in the soil are directly tied to nutrient recycling especially carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur. These group characteristics are often used to help identify certain cocci. Cocci may remain attached after cell division. Cocci may be oval, elongated, or flattened on one side. A special group of spirilla known as spirochetes are long, slender, and flexible.Ĭocci bacteria can exist singly, in pairs (as diplococci ), in groups of four (as tetrads ), in chains (as streptococci ), in clusters (as stapylococci ), or in cubes consisting of eight cells (as sarcinae). Many spirilla are rigid and capable of movement. Spirilla (or spirillum for a single cell) are curved bacteria which can range from a gently curved shape to a corkscrew-like spiral.Bacilli (or bacillus for a single cell) are rod-shaped bacteria.Cocci (or coccus for a single cell) are round cells, sometimes slightly flattened when they are adjacent to one another.The three basic bacterial shapes are coccus (spherical), bacillus (rod-shaped), and spiral (twisted), however pleomorphic bacteria can assume several shapes. Thus a few bacteria are much larger than the average eukaryotic cell (typical plant and animal cells are around 10 to 50 µm in diameter). Usually it is 0.1-0.3 mm (100-300 µm) across, but bigger cells have been observed up to 0.75 mm (750 µm). Thiomargarita namibiensis is world’s largest bacteria, a gram-negative Proteobacterium found in the ocean sediments off the coast of Namibia.Mycoplasma gallicepticum, with a size of approximately 200 to 300 nm are thought to be the world smallest bacteria.They were formerly known as pleuropneumonia-like organisms (PPLO). They measure about 0.25 µ and are the smallest cells known so far. One group of bacteria, called the Mycoplasmas, have individuals with size much smaller than these dimensions.The bacterium, Epulosiscium fishelsoni, can be seen with the naked eye (600 µm long by 80 µm in diameter).Oscillatoria is about 7 µm in diameter.Spirochaetes occasionally reach 500 µm in length and the cyanobacterium.coli, a bacillus of about average size is 1.1 to 1.5 µm wide by 2.0 to 6.0 µm long. For rod-shaped or filamentous bacteria, length is 1-10 µm and diameter is 0.25-1. The average diameter of spherical bacteria is 0.5-2.0 µm. ![]() 7/21/2023 0 Comments Open terminal from finder![]() You’ll have a cloud icon for every account you’ve connected to OneDrive. You can find OneDrive up in your Menu bar. You’re done! Click Open my OneDrive folder to see your files sync to your folder. This conserves space on your computer, and reduces bandwidth needed for the sync processes. On the Sync Files from Your OneDrive screen, you can choose the folders you want to sync to your computer, and click Next. When you see the This is your OneDrive folder screen, you’ll now see a path to the folder you selected. Select a location where you would like to save your OneDrive files and click Choose this location. On the This is your OneDrive folder screen, click Change Location. However, you can change this during setup. ![]() When setting up your OneDrive, it has a default location set. There are a few points of OneDrive Setup that are helpful to watch for: If you already have a personal account signed in to OneDrive, you’ll want to add a work or school account in OneDrive Preferences.Ĭlick the OneDrive cloud icon up in your Menu bar, click the three dots to open the menu, and select Preferences.Ĭlick the Account tab, and then select Add an Account to start OneDrive Setup.Įnter your work or school account and click Sign in. This starts OneDrive Setup.Įnter your work or school account and then select Sign in to set up your account. Start OneDrive by pressing cmd+Space to launch a Spotlight query and type OneDrive. If you're not signed in to OneDrive with any account, start OneDrive to connect a work or school account. Important: If you are currently using the OneDrive Mac Store app, you must first uninstall it before installing the latest build of the sync app. If you have signed in to the OneDrive sync app with a Microsoft account (for example, you should already have the sync app and you can skip to step 2 below. Method 2: If you already have a personal account signed in to OneDrive Method 1: If you have no accounts signed in to OneDrive For more information, see OneDrive End Of Support Notice On November 10, 2020, Apple announced their new Macs using Apple silicon CPUs. If you're using a Mac that has the Apple silicon processor instead of the Intel processor, some Office features may not be available yet. For more information, see Microsoft 365 and Office 2019 support for Apple siliconĪs of 1 February 2019, OneDrive only supports new installations on Mac OS 10.12 or newer. For most users, no additional setup is needed to use OneDrive on a Mac with the Rosetta 2 emulator. OneDrive is supported on macOS devices with Apple silicon through Rosetta 2 emulation. ![]() (If you're the IT admin for your organization, see Enable users to sync SharePoint files with the new OneDrive sync app.) The sync app lets you sync files from your OneDrive for work or school and even from Microsoft SharePoint sites if your admin enabled it. The changes will automatically be made in OneDrive and your other computers that have the sync app installed. You can also use the Finder to rename and delete files, create new folders, and move files around in your OneDrive folder. ![]() If you installed the OneDrive app on other computers, the files will automatically be added to the OneDrive folders on them, too. ![]() Files you upload this way can be up to 250GB in size if you're signed in to a Microsoft account, or 15GB if you're signed in to a work or school account. To upload files to OneDrive automatically, just copy or move the files to your OneDrive folder using the Finder, or save them in your OneDrive folder from an app. If you add, change, or delete a file or folder on the OneDrive website, the file or folder is added, changed, or deleted in your OneDrive folder and vice versa. This folder is kept in sync with OneDrive. When you install the Microsoft OneDrive sync app for Mac, a copy of your OneDrive is downloaded to your Mac and put in the OneDrive folder. ![]() 7/21/2023 0 Comments Flstudio 11![]() Note: Watch this video for more information about managing VST plug-ins on Windows computers. You will then be able to use your NI plug-ins within FL Studio. The different price ranges of FL studio allow for everyone to find the perfect version on their budget, and the extensive demo version lets up-and-coming creatives work on music projects without worry. This article explains how to let FL Studio 11 (or earlier) scan the folder where your NI VST plug-ins are installed. You can use the DAW to record instruments and vocals, cut up and compose songs track by track, add beats and effects, mix and master your creations and much, much more. FL Studio Mobile for Windows 10: Microsoft StoreįL Studio’s possibilities are practically limitless, as all versions of this elite music creation software allow for everyone to scratch their creative itch. Topics FL Studio, Producer Edition Language English FL Studio 11.0.4 Producer Edition Addeddate 16:47:08 Identifier flstudio11.0.4pro Scanner Internet Archive HTML5 Uploader 1.7. FL Studio is a music production software with a customizable interface that allows users to detach and resize windows for. This article explains how to let FL Studio 11 (or earlier) scan the folder where your NI VST plug-ins are installed.FL Studio Mobile for iOS: iOS App Store.Everything you need in one package to compose, arrange, record, edit. Now your VST plug-ins will show up in FL. FL Studio is one of the worlds most popular and exciting music production systems. Click on the folder icon located beneath the VST plugins extra search folder and select the install location of your VST plug-ins. A pop-up window will appear showing extra search folders for samples and plug-ins. The program supports the following masks: WIN, MEKO-, MEKO+, FL, Q0 and CP. GMask Download 3.9 on 24 votes GMask is a great, simple and easy-to-use image mask tool. Everything you FL Studio 11 is a software. FL Studio Mobile for Android: Google Play In the menu bar, click on Options and select File Settings. FL Studio 11 is a software music production environment. ![]() FL Studio Mobile can also be installed on a PC from the Windows Store, though if you’re on a laptop or PC we’d recommend one of the desktop versions instead. Prices vary by platform, with the Android version of FL Studio Mobile costing $15 and the iOS version available for $14. Hi, I am using FL studio 11 and have been for the past few years and I generally never run in to a problem, however Windows recently ran an update on t. Click on the folder icon located beneath the VST plugins extra search folder and. FL Studio for macOS or Windows: Image-LineįL Studio is not limited to computers, as there are mobile versions of the app that you can download, too. In the menu bar, click on Options and select File Settings. ![]() 7/21/2023 0 Comments Monit g200 gps rally computer![]() ![]() Note: To enable the GPS functionality of the G-200+ an antenna must be purchased. (who needs a fuel gauge in a tripmeter) Designed for professional competitors who need a product that is powerful, compact and easy to use. The system can be connected to the output of most. Item Description IR421 MONIT G200 TRIPMETER Need a top of the range rally computer with lots of extras like a fuel gauge. Up to two remote foot switches can be fitted and used to clear trips, freeze or pause counters, or control other features as required. The Monit G-200 includes a powerful fuel measurement system that is designed specifically for this task. The easy to navigate display can be switched to show in Miles or Kilometres It also includes current and maximum speed readouts, a built in stopwatch and a performance timer. We are a family run business, who compete in motorsport, our passion for over 20 years. The G-100+ features two distance counters which can be individually cleared or preset to any value. Hello and Welcome At Motorsport Supplies, We bring you the best quality products at great prices. Accepts up to 2 foot switches for remote operation.If the signal is lost the software automatically switches to speed sensor input. A traditional speed sensor can be used as well as GPS.Unrivalled GPS accuracy even in difficult environments.Multiple languages selectable through the system menu.This latest version of the G-100+ rally computer from Monit features even more accurate speed and distance thanks to a more powerful GPS/GNSS+ satellite engine. The G-100 has all the essential features required for International level rallying and is ideal for teams that do not require a fuel function or for clubman competitors who want the simple installation offered by GPS. Operation in either miles or kilometres can be changed without requiring re-calibration. The main advantages over the G-100 are the addition of a time-of-day clock, average speed, fuel management system and handy stage recorder. Up to two external switches can be used to clear the distance, split/freeze the display or control a range of other functions. The top of the range G-200+ model has all the features required for the highest level of competition. The Screen measures 70mm with the unit weighing a mere 100g. ![]() You can fit two remote foot switches to clear trips, freeze or pause counter and or control other features as required. The main advantages over the G-100 are the addition of a time-of-day clock, average speed and fuel management system. The Monit G-200 features include two distance counters, current and maximum speeds and a stopwatch. Contents Installation Getting Started GPS Mode Setup Wheel Sensor Mode Setup Fuel Calibration Basic Operation Telemetery Screen Entering a Distance Measurement. Monit Rallys G + range is the new generation of tripmaster, easy to install thanks to the integrated. Also ideal for Recce cars and Pace Note compilation. Tripmaster Monit Rally G200 + with GPS function. Monit G-200 Rally Computer 935.00 The new G-Series computers use a high-powered industrial GPS receiver coupled with an external antenna to provide market leading accuracy. ![]() This unit is perfect for those wanting a simple installation and using GPS+ it does not even need to be connected to any of the traditional probes, but of course can be for back up as you can switch between both at the push of a button. The G-200 has all the features of the T-200 with the added GPS+ functions, including the fuel functions not found on mid range G-100 model. Monit G-200 rally computer, designed for professional rally teams, the G-Series rally computers from Monit have all the features required for serious rallying and feature a fully integrated GPS+ receiver and getting started has never been easier. ![]() 7/21/2023 0 Comments Vaas far cry 6![]() ![]() It doesn’t always trigger, but when players enter the hotel and see a hallway leading to a door, Vaas will compare it to PT. For a while now, fans have speculated that Far Cry 6 would bring back fan-favorite villain Vaas, one of the antagonists of Far Cry 3. This brings players to a massive hotel, where players can encounter visions of Vaas’ life in and outside of it. Nonetheless, nothing ever came from it for Silent Hills, and that’s where Vaas comes in.ĭuring the Checking Out quest in Vaas’ DLC, players must dive after themselves when Jason Brody narrates Far Cry 3’s epic “definition of insanity line” and pushes Vaas down a hole. Chibi 01 Inside the building, under the ceiling. Once you collect all of them, you will unlock the 'Puff, Puff, Vaas' achievement / trophy and the 'Lil Vaas' Dashboard Prop for your main game car. You can find a total of 10 of these figurines. All USB Stick Songs All Roosters Hidden Histories Far Cry Series Maps. Vaas Chibis are collectible items available in the Vaas: Insanity add-on for Far Cry 6. It’s very daunting and scary, really meshing well with Hideo Kojima’s skills in the industry. Far Cry 6 Interactive Map - All Collectibles, Treasure Hunts, FND Bases, Unique Weapons, Animal Hunting Locations & more Use the progress tracker to get 100 Far Cry 6 Maps. In it, players go through hallways and encounter a hostile ghost named Lisa. ![]() ![]() ![]() This is the first of three planned expansions within Far Cry 6, in addition to a remastered Far Cry: Blood Dragon and lots of cosmetic packs available for players who want the most out of Ubisoft's latest resistance-obsessed sandbox.If there is one thing that will likely linger in the gaming discourse and conscience for years to come, it’s PT, or Playable Teaser, for Silent Hills. Players estimate it'll take about two or three hours to beat (via HLTB), though there is more to see, including plenty of self-referential Easter eggs for fans looking to extend their stay. Interact with the TV and you'll be able to start the DLC right then and there-which is strange, to be honest, since the setup seems to suggest the expansion packs are video games in the canon. You can find a total of 10 of these figurines. This content requires the base game Far Cry® 6 on Steam in order to play. Approach it and you'll see it's flickering between the three major Far Cry villains of the past decade: Vaas, Pagan Min, and Joseph Seed. Vaas Chibis are collectible items available in the Vaas: Insanity add-on for Far Cry 6. You'll see things like bunk beds, dogs and guerrillas walking around, and, in one corner, a television. Vaas appearances include a live-action web series prequel called The Far Cry Experience, the virtual reality title Far Cry VR, and as the player character. Vaas is believed to be returning in Far Cry 6s villain-stuffed season pass DLC, but players are now wondering if this post-credits teaser is alluding to a bigger project than that. When you get there, head into the central, largest building. Some people want that action movie vibe to their games and thats fine, but Far Cry always had more depth than just that, and 6 just threw away that depth and went full Rambo. To do that yourself, you'll want to head to any Guerrilla Camp across Yara. Michael Mando reprises his role as Vaas Montenegro for the Far Cry 6 DLC Episode Vaas: Insanity Learn more about his role in both Far Cry 3 and the DLC. But you're not quite as lucky if you're looking to tackle the paid Far Cry 6 expansion, Insanity, starring Vaas. When you load into Far Cry 6, depending on how long you've been away, you'll be prompted to take on a number of new missions and see some new sights, including the new Danny Trejo free missions. Here's how to access the Vaas Insanity Far Cry 6 DLC. John Seed is the closest thing to Vaas in Far Cry 5. But if you can't get to the new Far Cry 6 DLC, his legend goes out like Dani's lights when they open the wingsuit too late. Far Cry 6s Antón Castillo, the fascist president, proved so with his society grenade analogy speech in the games cinematic trailer. Vaas experience, while perhaps telling us a little bit too much about the ambiguous villain, co-opts the idea of a rogue-like competently to offer a new twist on the formula, but. Ubisoft just can't seem to move on past its former E3 superstar, whose arrival on the scene about a decade ago helped elevate Far Cry into the stratosphere of the world's most-played games. All in all, Vaas: Insanity paves the way for some stellar downloadable content for Far Cry 6 that is already more conceptually interesting than anything in Far Cry 5. The massive world of Far Cry 6 has been getting bigger as of late, and the new Vaas Insanity DLC is proof of that. ![]() 7/21/2023 0 Comments Camtasia free download![]() ![]() ![]() It's easy to use, yet versatile enough to create professional-looking videos. Overall, Camtasia download is an excellent screen recording and video editing software. Then, select the desired sharing method and follow the prompts. To share your recordings, click the "Share" button. Then, select the desired file format and location to save your recording. To save your recordings, click the "File" menu and choose "Save As". The minimum system requirements for app are a Pentium 4 processor, 2 GB of RAM, and 4 GB of free hard disk space. What are the system requirements for download Camtasia?.Then, use the various editing tools to make the desired changes to your recording. ![]() To edit your recordings, launch application and click the "Edit" button. Once you're done recording, click the "Stop" button. Then, select the desired recording area and click "OK". To record your screen with app, launch the application and click the "Record" button. If you need personal assistance, you can contact TechSmith Corporation’s customer support team via email or phone. There is an extensive online knowledge base that contains articles and tutorials on how to use the application. TechSmith offers a variety of resources, such as tutorials and templates, to help you get the most out. If you have any questions or problems, you can contact TechSmith, the company that makes for help. Overall, Camtasia for free has excellent support. In addition, the website also has a forum where you can ask questions and get help from other users. Website has a comprehensive help section that covers all of the features of the application. Programhas a wide range of export options, so you can share your multimedia projects in a variety of ways. In addition to being able to record your screen or webcam, you can also import existing video and audio files, and use Camtasia for free download built-in tools to edit them. Program is a very versatile tool that can be used to create a variety of different type of multimedia. Software has a wide range of video and audio editing features, so you can create professional-looking videos. For example, you can use Camtasia download for PC to create tutorials, presentations, product demos, and more. It has a wide range of features that make it suitable for creating a variety of different types of videos. Software walks you through every step of the process, from recording your screen to adding effects and exporting your final video. Even if you've never edited multimedia before, you'll be able to create professional-looking videos. Overall, Camtasia download for Windows 10 is a very user-friendly application. The media library is also very easy to use, and it’s easy to add your audio and multimedia files. Adding and editing video clips is very simple, and the preview window makes it easy to see what your multimedia will look like before you render it. Interface is very intuitive and easy to navigate. Recording window is where you record your screen or webcam. Preview window at Camtasia app allows you to see how your project will look when it is exported. Timeline is where you assemble your video project. Media library contains all of the video and audio files that you have imported into the application. Main window is divided into four sections: media library, timeline, preview, and recording. Overall, download Camtasia for free interface is very user-friendly and easy to use. Media library is where you add your audio and video files, and the properties pane allows you to adjust the settings for your video. Timeline is where you add and edit your video clips, preview window allows. Main window is divided into four main sections: timeline, preview window, the media library, and the properties pane. Camtasia for PC is a great choice for anyone who needs to create professional-looking videos. Application is developed by TechSmith Corporation, a company that specializes in developing visual communication and collaboration software, is used by individuals, businesses, and educational institutions to create compelling video content. It has a clean and intuitive interface that is easy to navigate, and it comes with a variety of powerful features that make it a very versatile tool. Camtasia is comprehensive screencasting and video editing application that allows users to create high-quality video tutorials, presentations, and more. ![]() ![]() ![]() Unique Key: Unique key constraint allows column to always hold unique values. Mainly we use primary key and auto increment constraints together to a column, as we want our primary key to increment automatically without providing any value as input. Auto Increment: Auto– increment allows to insert a unique number which is to be generated automatically when we add a new record into our table. Primary key may consist of single or multiple columns in a table. A table must have only ONE primary key in table. Primary keys should contain a UNIQUE value and it cannot contain NULL value. Primary Key:The PRIMARY KEY constraint is unique to each record in a table. This always allows a field to always contain a value, which means that we cannot insert a new record or update any record without adding a value to this field. Not Null:The NOT NULL constraint is a constraint o column and forces column not to accept NULL values. Hence we can create tables in our database. Not Null (NN), Primary Key (PK), AUTO INCREMENT (AI), UNIQUE (U) are available constraints. There are four constraints are available that we can used on our columns as per our requirement. I have created two columns named as “ id” and “ name” datatype used is INTEGER and TEXT. Here I have given my table as “ user” and by clicking on “ add field” we can add columns to our database. After clicking on create table below interface will open: Let’s start creating table, click on create table highlighted in yellow. ![]() Here we can see that we have 0 tables available in our database. After that you will see the below interface. Now select open database and move to the location where we have created our database file with. Now we will create table inside our database. ![]() Create Table:We have successfully created our database. Now move to the location where you have chosen to save your database file. for now you may skip that step and close all files. After that a new popup will open & it will ask you to enter your database name (anything) and also to choose file location where you want to save your file (file stored will be in. Open your DB Browser SQLite:Īfter opening DB browser, click on new database. Create Database: If we are working with DB Browser SQLite, that in this case the database file will be created inside our system with. We will learn following operation in details We will learn that how we can perform SQLite database operations from Python. Working with SQLite: The purpose of our this Python SQLite tutorial, to demonstrate how to we can develop Python database applications with the SQLite database. Next Working with SQLite in Python Programming ![]() 7/21/2023 0 Comments Baby white noise machine amazon![]() ![]() ![]() What Should You Look for In a White Noise Machine? And not to mention, it ties up your phone. First, this exposes your baby to unwanted radiation (EMF) from the cell phone. However, avoid using mobile phone apps to generate white noise. If it helps your baby, it means that they will be able to go from one sleep cycle to the next so, rather than waking up at the 45-minute mark, they might sleep a second cycle for a total of 90 minutes of nap time. So, just think about it from a practical perspective: Do you plan to wash the dishes while baby sleeps? Take a shower? Walk down the stairs? Do you have creaky hardwood floors?Īll of this can potentially wake up your little one before they’re done napping – more so if they are a light sleeper.Īdditionally, white noise machines have been found to help babies to better connect their sleep cycles. Babies respond well to white noise because it simulates the noisiness of the womb, and because it masks background noises while they are sleeping. Do Babies Need White Noise to Sleep?īabies might not need white noise to sleep, but it can help them sleep longer and better. Experts recommend using white noise machines for babies because they naturally help babies connect their sleep cycles by offering a constant, womb-like sound in the background. Some babies can sleep through anything, but most babies prefer the shushing and comforting sound of white noise. Read on for our list of the best sound machines for babies, and how to use white noise effectively in your nursery. White noise plays an important role in good sleep hygiene for babies. ![]() One of the best baby sleep hacks is to use a white noise machine for your baby during naps and at night. Marpac Hushh Travel White Noise Machine.What are the Best White Noise Machines for Babies? + −.What Should You Look for In a White Noise Machine?. ![]() 7/21/2023 0 Comments Memoir characteristics![]() ![]() ![]() He does not write of any powerful “African” slave who is especially abused or resistant, but he certainly depicts the story of individuals who are whipped and abused unjustly. However, he ensures any kindliness of individual enslavers is undercut by the mercurial violence inherent to the system.Īn account of one extraordinary strong, hardworking slave, often described as a “pure African,” who refuses to be whipped because there is no reason for it. He depicts whippings and abuse of men and women, though not always in the graphic and emphatic manner of memoirs from earlier eras. He is clear and emphatic about the nature of his close family unit, choosing the pen name “Aleckson” for himself, likely in memory of his beloved father, Alexander Williams.ĭescription of a cruel master, mistress, or overseer, details of first observed whipping and numerous subsequent whippings, with women very frequently the victims. His opening line of chapter one is “I WAS born in Charleston, South Carolina in the year, 1852.”Ī sketchy account of parentage, often involving a white father. Unlike earlier slave narratives, however, Williams does include his date of birth. “I will a plain unvarnished tale deliver.” - Shakespeare.Ī first sentence beginning, “I was born.” and then specifying a place but not a date of birth. And while Williams’s memoir does not incorporate this trait in a separate preface, his poetic epigraph by William Shakespeare serves this same purpose: “I will a plain unvarnished tale deliver.” The absence of a white influence on Williams’s memoir may contribute to some of the missing narrative tropes those white writers included in an earlier era of slave narratives. In these prefaces the reader is told that the narrative is a “plain, unvarnished tale” and that nothing “has been set down in malice, nothing exaggerated, nothing drawn from the imagination” – indeed, the tale, it is claimed, understates the horrors of slavery. ![]() ![]() However, “BY SAM ALECKSON” is printed in bold on the front page with no reference to an amanuensis or editor.Ī handful of testimonials and/or one or more prefaces or introductions written either by a white abolitionist friend of the narrator (William Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips) or by a white amanuensis/editor/author actually responsible for the text (John Greenleaf Whittier, David Wilson, Louis Alexis Chamerovzow). Olney's list of slave narrative characteristics is used in the chart below to illuminate Williams's reformulation of the slave narrative standard.Īn engraved portrait, signed by the narrator.Ī title page that includes the claim, as an integral part of the title, “Written by Himself” or some close variant: “Written from a statement of Facts Made by Himself” “Written by a Friend, as Related to Him by Brother Jones.” Nonetheless, his narrative shares some of these slave narrative traits, illustrating the ways in which slave narrative writing was carried into the twentieth century. Moreover, he wrote and published his book with a black-owned press operated by his relatives and had no need to appease expectations of a sponsoring organization which many Abolitionist-era slave narrative writers did. And yet, he certainly felt compelled to argue against false nostalgia for slavery that developed quickly amongst white Americans immediately after the Civil War ended. After all, he no longer needed to argue against the existence of slavery. Williams's writing was for a different audience and in a different historical context. It should not be surprising, therefore, that Williams omitted or reformulated many of the slave narrative characteristics reflected in Olney's list. Williams’s memoir was written at least 50 years after the Civil War. There, Olney creates a list of almost twenty characteristics that emerged from the slave narrative genre. Scholar James Olney, in particular, famously outlined some of the best-known traits or tropes found in slave narratives of the Abolitionist era in his article, " I Was Born": Slave Narratives, Their Status as Autobiography and as Literature. While each autobiography, memoir, or narrative written by a person who experienced American slavery is extremely personal, readers cannot fail to notice certain patterns and traditions found in such works. ![]() |